The Differences Between Immigrants And A Refuge - 866 Words

The three ladies that came to talk about their experiences in the immigration debate in the United States, were named Jacqueline Jameson, Anna Hall, and Jennifer Whitlock. I think that one of the most important biggest misconceptions is the differences between immigrants and a refuge. It is also very important that we use the correct language when talking about alien residents of the United States, instead of using the word illegal when describing these people we should be using unauthorized and undocumented. The first thing that brought Jacqueline to think about immigration law was the subject of human trafficking, not just across the world but also in our own backdoor. She also was interested in involving Christ in the law that she practices on a daily basis. When you think about cross-cultural ministry you normally think about from your home land to somewhere far away but to be honest all ministry is cross cultural. You are taking the culture of heaven and spreading it through oth er cultures. We need continue to peel back all of the layers of the labels that we give immigrants and really get to know their situations. We need to think about how we approach people whether it be in everyday life or in the law. First we need to distinguish the difference between immigrant and refugee. Many people use both of these terms interchangeable and to be honest they are not the same, although some people are both. An immigrant is someone who chose to leave their country. A refugeeShow MoreRelatedImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States with immigrants subjected to being accused of crimes because of their inability to speak proper English and lay victim to stereotypical views. Americans have the misconception that all immigrants pose a threat to the United States and that immigrants entering the United States have the intent to perform terrorist attacks. This way of thinking continually perpetuates the stereotype that immigrants are dangerous. Although terrorists may be immigrants, not all immigrants could be terroristsRead MoreThe American Dream1246 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome an iconic part of American culture, and has led many immigrants to seek refuge under Lady L iberty. Therefore, living the American Dream can be obtained by anyone, regardless of race, gender, social status, or economic wealth, right? Unfortunately, this is not the case in the twenty first century, as society has made the American Dream exclude the majority of citizens, and immigrants. History tells us that America is a country of immigrants, and the American Dream is the reason. According to TheRead MoreWe All Hear And Chat About The War And Violence That Happens1128 Words   |  5 Pagesalone wondering if they are alive or if you will ever see them again. This is how most refuges life start; a refuge is a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. In the last couple years the world faced one of the biggest refuges crisis in history, which affected many countries economically, culturally and politically started many conflicts between host countries. As we educate ourselves about diverse cultures; we learn that socialRead MoreRacism And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pages it creates a diverse and strong population. America is said to be the land of the free and many throughout history have looked to America as a place of refuge. The draw for many outsiders is the ability to have religious freedom and the right to the pursuit of happiness. Racism by definition, â€Å"Is the belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has theRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration And Refugees Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals displaced around the world and 41 million immigra nts currently living in the United States, there is an international movement of individuals rather by choice or not. In the United States, the topic of immigration and refugees has been at the forefront of the upcoming presidential election; however, although and this topic is at the lead of most news, Americans are undereducated and misinformed about many of the key terms and concepts about immigrants and refugees. Due to the various misconceptionsRead MoreRise Of The American Sanctuary Movement. Before Addressing1522 Words   |  7 PagesRise of the American Sanctuary Movement Before addressing the contemporary concerns surrounding immigration and undocumented immigrants, it is fundamental to address the historical antecedents to today’s widespread undocumented immigration population as well as the elicited political response carried out by the Reagan Administration during the 1980s. In the heart of the Cold War, the United States actively supported and funded the El Salvadorian government — a military government that ran deathRead MoreJoy Luck Club Essay1099 Words   |  5 Pagesimmigration for a better family life. Though these two have that similarity, they also have a big difference between each other. The difference is that in the article, Adrian Guerrero is concerned for his family since he is the only member in the family that has citizenship. With President Trump against immigration, Adrian fears how new immigration policies might affect his family and other immigrants in Texas. In The Joy Luck Club, there is no issue with immig ration policies. Rather than worryingRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health Disparities1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the lenses of class and race to make tangible the seemingly abstract connections between social and economic determinants and distribution of health inequity. Racism finds refuge in various forms of material exploitation; narrow interventions that fail to address the root causes that undermine the health and well-being of members of the community will ultimately fail.1 The treatment of Mexican immigrants with tuberculosis (TB) by health officials in Los Angeles from 1914 to 1940 is a tellingRead More Immigration Issues Essay999 Words   |  4 Pageslong served as a refuge for people who seek to escape hunger, poverty, torture, and the oppression of the human spirit in their own countries. However, the issue of immigration in the United States has become a political flashpoint since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The sacralization of the tragedy h as served to paint all immigrants with the same fear-ladened brush, and has marginalized and stereotyped an already vulnerable population. Today, more than ever, immigrants in the UnitedRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. One author, William Bryant Cullen, emphasized how America is a refuge for â€Å"Earth’s trodden down and opprest† peoples, including the â€Å"hunted head† and the â€Å"starved laborer.† This phrase from the patriotic poem indicates that the

Racial Segregation And The Criminal Justice System

Last updated: 3 hours ago History View files Plagiarism check .DOC .PDF CRIMINAL JUSTICE2 RACIAL DISPARITY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Name Institution Date ABSTRACT Research shows that African Americans and Latinos have been the victims of racial profiling by the criminal justice system. African Americans and Latinos are at a higher risk of being arrested, prosecuted and sentenced that Whites. The main cause of racial disparities occurs because law enforcement agencies believe that African Americans and Latinos are at high risk of engaging in crime and violence. During prosecutions and court hearings, the jury and judges give harsher sentences to minority groups. As a result, minorities view the criminal justice system as unjust since it favors whites. This research paper reviews relevant literature to show white privileges and racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Additionally, the paper provides linkages between racial disparities in the United States criminal justice system and the law. In this regard, the main objective of the research paper is to give detailed insights on racial discriminations in the criminal justice system. The main objectives of the United States criminal justice system are to provide justice toShow MoreRelatedInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lowest income quintile, compared to 16 percent for those who earned a college degree (Freidman, 2012). Recent data from the Civil Rights Project show that school segregation is very high for Latino and Black students and that this segregation is almost always what Gary Orfield called â€Å"double segregation,† that is, segregation by both race/ethnicity and poverty. In the 2009–2010 school year, 74 percent of Black and 80 percent of Hispanic students attended schools where 50 to 100 percent of theRead MoreThe Downfall Of The Black Experience1559 Words   |  7 Pagesconstraints that African Americans have faces in America. African Americans have suffered oppression through social institution through factors such as Segregation, Racial Crimination, and Mass incarnation. The constraint of segregation was a way of social, political, and economical control over African Americans. African Americans are usually a racial group that is associate with crime. Research and statistics has shown that African Americans are those that are majority incarnated in the United statesRead MoreRacial Inequalities And Racial Inequality1228 Words   |  5 Pagesoppressed but also how society functions as a whole. Racial inequalities have manifested in American society in ways that underlies a wide range of societal domains such as housing patterns, educational opportunities, healthcare inequality, and incarceration rates. Current events and experiences demonstrate moreover that racial inequality is still adamant in the American culture. Long after slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the civil rights movement, racial inequality has taken distinctive forms which affectRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal t heory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreFairness And Equality Within The Criminal Justice System1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The question of fairness and equality in the criminal justice system has its original roots dating back to the Magna Carta in 1215 AD. The latest document to define the criminal justice is the United States Constitution which specifically in the 14th amendment which states †no state can make or enforce laws on its citizens, nor shall they deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor will they deny equal protection of the laws†. Section one of theRead MoreThe Mass Incarceration Of The United States1198 Words   |  5 PagesZinn describes social-economic structures that justified slavery, also prevented a class movement between poor whites and slaves that would threaten the power of the elite. The birth of white privilege and segregation of African Americans aided in creating Jim Crow policies and in the criminal justice and political spheres. American society is still systematized around preserving and safeguarding white privilege. The uneven path America took toward emancipation, freedom and partial radical equality resultedRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 Pagesdisenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison population (Holland 1), â€Å"if those rates reflected jail, probation and parole populations, the numbers would riseRead MoreAnalysis Of Leslie Mcfadden s The Nightmare Of Racial Hatred Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. McFadden has traveled nationally to speak on behalf of her son and seek justice. This past October, Mrs. McFadden shared her testimony at the black studies conference in UT Austin , where she was described as a â€Å"wife, fighter, and believer in hope.† At the conference Mrs. McFadden discussed different themes such as the institutionalized racial segregation and violence she and many face in Ferguson. The nightmare of racial hatred is not a thing of the past but a present reality. Her strong will toRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of education, most of black children were not permitted to enter the school, because the white children studied there. In the aspect of labor market, the black people s average wages were lower than the whites. They did the manual work. In the aspect of criminal justice system, the blacks were easily

Organizational Entrepreneurship Free Essays

string(90) " babies try to grab almost everything – they are fearless and fascinated by everything\." Introduction There was a time when only a few companies use to sell either similar or same products or services in any particular market. The demands of potential customers were rarely sophisticated and the product life cycles were relatively long. This was true for most of the 20th century, throughout which, businesses usually operated as independent bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each had their own products and markets, and there were a few constraints and relatively low level of competition. In such market conditions, organizations were required to have a business plan supported with a feasibility to start and run a successful business at best. A corporate strategy was necessitated only in the late 1970s onwards to stay ahead within a market (Orcullo, 2007). However, it is not true anymore. The ever growing population has primed up the insistence for a wide range of products and services. The heightened demand has paved way for more and more businesses to enter markets, subsequently heightening the level of competition and increasing the concerns of businesses in outperforming others. Growing competition has fastened the market evolution, reducing the life cycles of products and services and made the prevailing business environment much more complex. All this has rendered entrepreneurial activities within organizations much more important. Without entrepreneurship, organizations in the modern business environment may often run into the shadows of nothingness. This essay discusses the organizational and managerial factors which influence the degree of innovation and entrepreneurial activity occurring within an organization. Firstly, this essay will discuss several theories regarding organizational life cycle and size that are relevant to their entrepreneurial tendencies. Moreover, it will discuss leadership and management styles that foster organizational innovation and creativity within organizations. Lastly, this essay will link these theories with practice through an extended example. Defining Entrepreneurship This part of the essay looks into some important definitions. Creativity – â€Å"the ability to develop new ideas and to discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities.† Innovation – â€Å"the ability to apply creative solutions to problems or opportunities to enhance or to enrich people’s lives.† Entrepreneurship – â€Å"the result of a disciplined, systematic process of applying creativity and innovation to the needs and opportunities in the marketplace.† (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2002) According to Hisrich (2001) â€Å"Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary, personal satisfaction and independence.† Nafziger (1997 and 2006) mentions that entrepreneurial activity involves coordinating production factors such as land, labor, and capital; making decisions under uncertainties; innovating; solving problems through creativity and fulfilling a market gap with an input. Leadership and Management Kanter (1988) contends that every successful change, innovation and developmental project is typically steered by a visionary leader who has done well in selling his ideas and vision to his subordinates. Similarly, leadership is also crucial in fostering an organizational culture that accumulates innovative ideas from down up i.e. from his/her subordinates. Leadership is the most important factor that fosters entrepreneurial culture within an organization. The literature regarding leadership has a general consensus upon several leadership styles namely: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership. Autocrat leader characterized as directing leaders who gather others towards their goal and vision. They are commanding in their directions and hardly accept any input from their inferiors. They tend to make decisions and try to solve problems relying upon their own expertise. The information typically flows in a top down way in one direction; from executives or top managers to subo rdinates. The management literature often perceives them as ‘narrow-minded and heavy-handed in their unwillingness to share power, information and decision making in the organization.’ (Lawrence and McDaniel, 2008 p. 162) On the contrary, democratic or participative leaders share their decision making powers with those working with them and group members. They openly discuss problems and present option to others. They are consensual and consultative in their conduct. They seek consensus of all the stakeholders (or the majority) before making a final decision (Lawrence and McDaniel, 2008). They seek views and inputs of others while retaining their final say. Information flow always two directional i.e. from superiors to subordinates and vice versa (Hamilton, 2010). Lastly, the laissez-faire leadership style empowers subordinates to set their own goals and make decisions accordingly. Laissez Faire is originally a French phrase that means ‘leave it be.’ (Arnold, 2008) This leadership style does not deliberate a specific direction and turns most of the authority to every individual/group. Leader rarely gets involved in business matters and delegates employees with all the authority. Employees are under obligation to achieve organizational goals without violating company policies. Organizational Structures Organizational structures often go with a hands and glove relationship with leadership and management styles. Organizations that are lead by autocrat and directive leadership often have a centralized, hierarchical structure. On the other hand, democratic leaders prefer a flat and decentralized organizational structure. It should be noted that various others factors may come into play in determining an organization’s structure. Generally, decentralized structures are favorable for analyzing new products, services, and processes, and are more likely to implement entrepreneurial endeavors as compared to centralized firms as â€Å"concentrated power often prevents imaginative solutions of problems.† (Thompson, 1969) Organizational Life Cycle and Entrepreneurship According to Greiner’s (1972), organizations have a history in terms of evolving and revolutionizing, a factor that impacts upon its entrepreneurial tendencies. Lessem (1989) contends that the development of organizational strategies is affected by stages that are akin to the developmental stages of human beings; what and where we are determines what we do and what we get out of our lives. Lessem (1989) presents a four stage life cycles model for organizations. These stages are: primal, rational, developmental and metaphysical. The primal stage of development is typified by a youthful company which is grasping, learning, instinctive and entrepreneurial. It wants to explore and try everything that it gets its hands upon. The primal stage is similar to the early childhood stage in which babies try to grab almost everything – they are fearless and fascinated by everything. You read "Organizational Entrepreneurship" in category "Essay examples" This reflects upon the contention that young companies are ‘success hungry’ and have a willingness to try anything in its pursuit. They are not scared of change. At the rational phase, organizations moved to the stage of reason with emphasis upon structure and order. Organization puts down procedures replacing gut instincts with intelligence. The management becomes intelligent by suppressing opportunism which eradicates mistakes by employing some tested methodological approaches. The next stage is the developmental stage where organizations renew them selves in face of a mid life crises situation when they seek to answer ‘what else is there?’ Organizations reflect upon their past, in their quest to find new directions. At the final metaphysical phase, transformation is likely to take place. Organizations become wise and try to define themselves through terms other than profit. Often moral and ethical issues run concurrently with material goals. The entrepreneurial tendencies of an organization depend on where an organization is in its life cycle. An organization cannot pursue a strategy for a stage it hasn’t reached. â€Å"The age, size, resources, desire or fear inherent in an organization may cause it to or not allow it to act independently but rather behave in accordance with external or internal forces such that strategic management is ultimately deterministic.† It can be inferred from this theory that organization at the rational stage tend to be most entrepreneurial in their approach as they retain the exuberance of youth while have the rationality to eradicate mistakes through methodological approach. Lessom (1989) recognizes that organization can concurrently undergo several different stages. For instance, the marketing department or RD of an organization can be deliberately kept at a primal stage to foster innovation and creativity. This sort of strategy can be pursued by large and old organization to infuse or retain entrepreneurial culture. Firm Size and Entrepreneurship It has been argued that organizational size also impact upon its entrepreneurial tendencies. The management literature is split between those who argue that large firms have advantage over small firms in pursuing entrepreneurship and those who contend otherwise. Large firms are said to be more entrepreneurial because they have monopolistic powers which enable them to better realize the rewards of innovation. They are also in a better position to finance research and development internally. Internal financing is helpful in two ways. Firstly because in order to obtain external finance, firms are often required to disclose some information regarding their entrepreneurial projects, and secondly because internal financing provides better flexibility in achieving success in case of an exhaustive developmental process. Large firms can achieve scales of economies in research and development. They can better exploit the results of their research and spread the fix cost of innovation. Scale of economies can be achieved in the research and developmental process itself from a technological perspective as well as the productivity of the researchers Kaimien and Schwartz (1982) suggest that large research groups increase the chances of serendipitous discov eries. Interaction of colleagues having special familiarity with a problem at hands can be helpful in generating insightful solutions. Considering the advantages of large firms for their entrepreneurial tendencies, Nooteboom and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994) argue that the strengths of large firms are predominantly material namely; economies of scale and scope, easy access to cheap financial resources, ability to spread risks, better capacity to specialize in both human resource and well and technologies. On the other hand, there are those who argue that large and monopolistic firms are less likely to innovate as they are less likely to be threatened by rivals (Scherer, 1980) or because the pursuit of new products may come at the cost of existing ones. Mansfield et al. suggests that large firms can often get entangled in longer chain of commands, managerial coordination inefficiency, and less flexibility. Firms may become too bureaucratic as they grow in size. Researches and other personnel within large firms may be less motivated to innovate due to lesser personal gains in comparison to smaller firms. Moreover, premature ideas can often get discarded and lost in the shuffle in large firms. Nooteboom and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994) content that the relative advantages of small firms in entrepreneurial pursuits are behavioral. For instance â€Å"greater innovation in management and labor, due to interwined ownership and management, and more variation and innovation in tasks of workers , tacit knowledge in unique skills, more efficient communications, and flexibility.† (Nooteboom, 1994) Case Study: Google A salient example of an organization that operates in a very complex environment and successfully fosters an innovative organizational culture in pursuit of entrepreneurship is Google. Technological innovation and creative solutions is the corner stone of the organization’s corporate culture. Through its diligent innovations, the company has become a market leader in a relatively short time as compared to other organizations. The leadership and management style Google is very critical in infusion entrepreneurship. The company’s highly participative and somewhat free reign approach Employees input is valued and considered in every step of decision making and information sharing is viewed to be crucial in bringing about the best from employees. Eric Schmidt, the current Executive Chairman and former CEO of Google, mentions that â€Å"in traditional companies, the big offices, the corner offices, the regal bathrooms, and everybody dressed up in suits cause people to be afraid to speak out. But the best ideas typically don’t come from executives.† (Manyika 2008) The organizational structure at Google is purely flat and non-hierarchical. According to Schmidt, Google is a â€Å"very flat, very non-hierarchical, very much informal in culture and ideas – ideas come from everywhere. †¦ Part of the job of being a CEO in a company like Google is to have an environment where people are constantly throwing you their best ideas as opposed to being afraid to talk to you.† (Carlson, 2009) Moreover, Google follows the â€Å"70/20/10?, meaning that its employees spent 70% of their working hours on core activities; 20% those activities that are linked with the core ones and 10% on projects that are of their own personal interests in line with the organizational goals. Schmidt himself used to follow this strategy spending his time in three separate rooms for each type of activities (Battelle, 2005). Furthermore, Schmidt contends that â€Å"new ideas emerge with freedom from thinking about obligations† (Manyika 2008). Adhering to this line of thinking, the company allows its core engineers to spend 1 working day each week in pursuit of new idea, without having them follow up on their regular duties (Battelle, 2005). Such approach allows Google to sustain a primal and rational developmental stage as part of its life cycle, while proceeding to the developmental and metaphysical stage concurrently. Moreover, the company successfully retains the behavioral advantages o f small firms for entrepreneurship through such deliberation while enjoying the material advantages of large firms as well. Personal Development Plan and Reflection As part of my personal development plan, I intend to focus on developing my leadership skills, keeping in mind its importance in fostering an overall culture and mindset that leads to entrepreneurship. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973) leadership styles range between relatively directive to participative The following figure the range of leadership styles as described by Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973). More participative TellsSellsConsults NegotiatesDelegates A different leadership theory by Edgar Schein (1987) contends that leaders can have three different approaches when they are manage change, solve problems, or manage projects. They are namely: the expert mode, the doctor-patient mode and the process consultation mode. The expert mode: In this approach, the leader initially identifies a situation; which can come as either mitigating a threat, capitalizing upon an opportunity or pursuing an entrepreneurial project, and provides direction based upon his own expertise. The doctor-patient mode: It involves the leader being a bit more consultative in term of assessing a situation by considering the inputs of others. However, the expertise of the leader is detrimental for further directions. The process consultation mode: Here, the leader is essentially participative, in which the ownership of every situation and the subsequent response of a business is collectively determined by the entire workforce. It utilizes the knowledge and insights of others. Viewing both these theories, I conclude that I will generally focus upon being a participative leader, adhering to both the doctor-patient approach as well as the process consultant approach. I am of the view that as part of the participative and consultative approach, when working with individuals who hold similar expertise as mine, or relatively little more or less in any particular field, a process consultant approach with be highly suitable for getting valuable insights of all to bring about the best ideas on table, whereas a doctor-patient approach can be viable when my expertise a superior. However, reflecting upon this assignment and specially from the case of Google, I believe being open and sharing decision making is always the best overall approach. For this, I will focus upon improving my communication skills; learn about formal and informal communication. Moreover, I will also try to gain a deep understanding of team/group work theories. The Authors Entrepreneurial Attitude Considering the four entrepreneurial attitudes namely activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist, which were identified during the course work, I find myself to be more of an activist. Reflecting upon this assignment, the activist approach is likely to create and sustain a primal developmental stage in any work environment. The weaknesses of this attitude coincides with pitfalls of the primal stage and therefore, it is wise to proceed towards a rational developmental stage which is a mix of both activist and reflector attitude. References Arnold, G (2008) Examining the Relationship Between Leadership Style and Project Success in Virtual Projects, ProQuest. Battelle, J (2005) Google CEO Eric Schmidt gives us his golden rules for managing innovation. CNN/Money. {online} http://money.cnn.com/magazines/business2/business2_archive/2005/12/01/8364616/index.htm (accessed on 14th May 2012) Carlson, N. (2009) Google CEO Eric Schmidt: We Don’t Really Have A Five-Year Plan. Business Insider {online} http://articles.businessinsider.com/2009-05-20/tech/30099731_1_google-ceo-eric-schmidt-googlers-google-people (accessed on 14th May 2012) Hamilton, C (2010). Communicating for Results: A Guide for Business and the Professions. Cengage Learning Hisrich, R.D (2011) Entrepreneurship. Tata McGraw-Hill Education Kamien, M.I and Schwarz, N.L (1982) Market Structure and Innovation. Cambridge University Press. Cambridge Kanter, R. M (1988) in Robert L Kuhn (1988) Handbook for Creative and Innovative Managers, McGraw Hill Lawrence J. G and McDaniel C (2008). The Future of Business: The Essentials, Cengage Learning Lessem, R. (1989) Global Management Principles. Prentice Hall. Manyika, J (2008) Google’s View on the Future of Business: An Interview with CEO Eric Schmidt. The McKinsey Quarterly. {online} http://www.mckinseyquarterly.com/Googles_view_on_the_future_of_business_An_interview_with_CEO_Eric_Schmi t_2229 (accessed on 14th May 2012) Nafziger, E. Wayne (1997), The Economics of Developing Countries, Third Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey Nafziger, E. Wayne (2006), Economic Development, 4th edition, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge Nooteboom, B. (1994) ‘Innovation and Diffusion in Small Firms: Theory and Evidence’, Small Business Economics, Vol. 6, pp327-347. Orcullo, N. (2007) Fundamentals of Strategic Management. Rex Bookstore, Inc. Rothwell, R. and Dodgson, M. (1994) Innovation and Size of Firm, in The Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Editors M. Dodgson and R. Rothwell, Aldershot Hants: Edward Elgar, pp310-324. Schein, E. (1987) Process Consultation II, Addison-Wesley Scherer, F.M. (1980) Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2nd. Edn., Chicago: Rand McNally. Tannenbaum, R and Schmidt WH (1973) How to choose a leadership pattern Harvard Business Review May-June Thompson V.A. (1969). Bureaucracy and Innovation. University of Alabama Press, Alabama. Zimmerer, T. W and Scarborough, N. M. (2002) Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management (3rd ed.) Prentice Hall How to cite Organizational Entrepreneurship, Essay examples

Understanding the Business Economics and Environment

Question: Describe about the understanding the Business economics and environment. Answer: In considering the fundamentals of demands, it can be inferred that demand refers to the quantification of the service or products demanded by the purchasers. Mohammed, Guillet and Law (2015) explained that the quantification of the demands is representing the approaches of the customers who are willing to purchase the product or services with a specific pricing structure. On the other hand, supply process has been indicating the amount of the products or services that the market can offer to the purchasers. It is to be noted that the prices in school holidays is always based on the high demands (Davidoff 2015). During the school holidays, people can get their free time and most of the families plan their vacations outside. The students also get the free time from their student life and studies. The vacation time is the best period to set for a holiday. Hence, it is quite clear that the people would opt for the holiday mostly during this period. Hence, the prices of the holiday packa ges or tour accessories would be higher. In addition, it can be stated that the demands would be higher. The analysis is shown in the following diagram. Business economics is considered as the applied microeconomics. Generally, it fulfills the gap between the business practices and pure economic theory. Therefore, the business economics is counted as the fusion of mathematics, decision science, logical science and economics that helps in taking rational and optimal business decisions. This incorporates the economic theories with the business practices. Thus, it is known as science of decision making. It has been found that the scope of business economics is much narrow than the pure economics. The business economics covers various aspects. These include firstly, demand analysis and forecasting, secondly, cost analysis, thirdly, profit analysis and fourthly, capital management, fifthly, production analysis, sixthly, price determination and methods of price detection, objectives of the organization and the business environment (Pindyck and Rubinfeld 2013). The economic factors that is required for the tour operators or the economic factors that are taken into account in selling the price of their package holidays include cost of travel, cost of services, competitive prices and exchange rate. Cost of travel The cost of travel is an important economic factor for a tour operator. The reason behind this is that any organization or any business totally depends on the cost or expenses. As the inflow of the money should be more than the outflow of money as this situation only helps an organization to bring in profit. For the tour operator, the travel is the essential factor of the business. Thus, before setting the prices of the tour packages, the tour operators calculate the expenses of travelling and total tour package, such that on the basis of the total expenses of travelling, the tour operator fixes or decides an amount for the tour package (Smith, Round and Perloff 2014). This helps the tour operator to earn a profit percentage based on the total cost of travel. Cost of services The tour operators provide various services to the customers that are the tour operators provide food and lodging to the customers (Krugman and Wells 2013). They also provide travelling vehicles to the customers in order to travel from one place to another. All these services are provided by the tour operators to their customers on a basis of a fixed cost. Depending on this cost, the rate of the holiday packages is fixed by the tour operators in order to earn a higher amount of profit and also to satisfy the customers by providing first class service to them. Competitive Prices Nowadays the tourism industry has a continuous growing prospect. The demand of the people for the packaged tour has increased to a larger extent. Thus the total numbers of competitors that are the numbers of tour operators have been increased in the market with the passage of time (Perloff 2012). Therefore, it can be said that the competition in the tourism market has increased. So, it is an important factor that the particular tour operator has to keep in mind about the costs and the expenses that are incurred by the other tour operators in the same market. As if the other tour operators or the competitors provide the same tour packages for lower price, then all the customers will refer to them for any kind of travelling. Thus, it can be said that the competitive prices are an important element of economic factor. The particular tour operator or tour agent should fix a price for every tour packages or holiday packages depending on the prices fixed by the other to ur operators or the competitors of the market. The reason behind this is that the competitors play an important in the highly competitive market of the tourism industry. Exchange Rate The price of the currency of a nation in terms of another currency is termed as exchange rate of currency. Therefore, the exchange rate has mainly two components the foreign currency and the domestic currency and thus it can be quoted both indirectly and directly (Hubbard and O'Brien 2013). The economic growth rate can be increased by various types of exchange rate. These include strong exchange rate can lead to growth in economy, devaluation also causes a boost to economic growth and finally, the fixed exchange rate also helps in the economic growth. The tourism industry also involves travelling from one country to another. Thus, the exchange rate plays an important role in the tourism industry. Therefore, the tour operators also put focus on the exchange rate in order to run the business successfully, as the operations and the regulations of the tourism industry are directly related with the exchange rates (Krugman and Wells 2012). Thus, the exchange rate is also c onsidered as one of the important economic factor for tourism industry. Higher price in school holidays than in school terms Diagram 1: Demand curve during in School terms (Source: Created by Author) The demand curve shown above clearly illustrates that during school term the price of the tour tickets are high and henceforth the quantity demanded is low. Similarly during the holidays the price of the tour tickets are low and this is the reason for a higher demand of quantity. It can be further noted that the magnitude of the participant to avail the service is lower during the school term. This caused due to increasing demand during school holidays and decreasing demand during the term. Diagram 2: Demand curve during Holidays (Source: Created by Author) Similarly, during the school time, families of the student do not get the enough time to plan for the holiday tours. More specifically, students usually stay occupied with their studies, exams, and other curriculum activities. Hence, during the school time, the demand gets lower and prices also decrease. The demand and supply curve therefore suggest the lower level in this period. The decreasing demands and the prices are shown in the following diagram. The customer may perceive the decreasing level of prices, but during such time, the demands decreases. Risks based on the currency exchange rate It is noted that the transactions between the tourism firms and tourists usually suggest the larger amount, which includes the price of the production of holidays. On the other hand, Chen et al. (2016) argued that the prices structured by the tourists often involve the modest amount. However, due to the larger flow of the international tourism, the transaction is needed to be frequent. In such circumstances, it is much required to get the idea about the exchange rates, which are helpful enough in making the rational decisions. The tourism companies usually face the potential risks in such matter. When the tourists have to pay a certain amount for the fixed package, they usually do not pay the further money (De Vita 2014). In such cases, the changes in the exchange rate in another country can charge for the extra amount, which can be risky. For example, in New York, the price of hotel room with a breakfast may cost almost $100. If the tour operator deals with Euro as the nation curren cy, it will be equal to $1.2814 per Euro (1=$1.2814). If the tour operator asks the bank to transfer a certain amount of money in Euro currency, it may differ from the exact amount of the expenses required in American hotels. Therefore, this segment can be risky for the tour operators, as they need to identify the exchange rate, which converts the charges of all the inclusive trips in different countries. Simultaneously, the tour operator needs to inform the tourists about the exchange rates regarding the spot and forward prices (Chang, Hsu and McAleer 2013). It is to be indicated that the elimination of the risk factors related to such pricing structure can be possible if the information is flexible and fixed. Especially, the countries, which signify the direct offers, need to maintain such structural aspects while determining the costs related to the exchange rate (Adrian, Etula and Shin 2015). It is important for the tour operators to include this particular clause while structuring the catalog that is needed to be provided to the tourists before they take any tourism package. References Adrian, T., Etula, E. and Shin, H.S., 2015. Risk appetite and exchange rates. Chang, C.L., Hsu, H.K. and McAleer, M., 2013. Is small beautiful? Size effects of volatility spillovers for firm performance and exchange rates in tourism.The North American Journal of Economics and Finance,26, pp.519-534. Chen, J.M., Neuts, B., Nijkamp, P. and Liu, J., 2016. Demand determinants of cruise tourists in competitive markets: motivation, preference and intention.Tourism Economics,22(2), pp.227-253. Davidoff, T., 2015. Supply constraints are not valid instrumental variables for home prices because they are correlated with many demand factors.Available at SSRN 2400833. De Vita, G., 2014. The long-run impact of exchange rate regimes on international tourism flows.Tourism Management,45, pp.226-233. 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