Computer, Internet, Privacy Essays - Pornography Law, Obscenity Law

PC, Internet, Privacy Essays - Pornography Law, Obscenity Law PC, Internet, Privacy Web REGULATION: POLICING CYBERSPACE The Internet is a technique for correspondence and a source of data that is getting increasingly famous among the individuals who are keen on, and have the opportunity to ride the data superhighway. The issue with this much data being open to this numerous individuals is that some of it is esteemed unseemly for minors. The administration needs control, however, a section of the populace doesn't. Administrative guideline of the Internet would be a fitting capacity of the legislature. The Communications Decency Act is a change which keeps the data superhighway from turning into a PC shady area of town. On June 14, 1995, by a vote of 84-16, the United States Senate passed the change. It is presently being brought through the House of Representatives.1 The Internet is possessed and worked by the administration, which gives them the commitment to limit the materials accessible through it. In spite of the fact that it seems to have jumped up overnight, the motivation of free-lively programmers, it in truth was conceived in Defense Department Cold War ventures of the 1950s.2 The United States Government possesses the Internet and has the obligation to figure out who utilizes it and how it is utilized. The administration must control what data is open from its offices. This material isn't legitimately accessible through the mail or via phone, there is no legitimate reason these degenerates ought to be permitted unhampered on the Internet. Since our drive, the industry has estimably propelled some blocking gadgets, yet they are not a substitute for all around contemplated law.4 Since the Internet has gotten perhaps the greatest source of data in this world, administrative shields are basic. The administration gives residents the benefit of utilizing the Internet, however it has never given them the option to utilize it. They appear to justify that the composers of the constitution arranged and plotted at incredible length to verify that to the exclusion of everything else, the profiteering pornographer, the sick person and the pedophile must be allowed to rehearse their interests in the nearness of kids on a citizen made and sponsored PC network.3 Individuals like this are the ones off base. Citizen's dollars are being spent bringing foul content and designs into the homes of individuals everywhere throughout the world. The administration must take control to forestall pornographers from utilizing the Internet anyway they see fit since they are violating laws that have existed for quite a long time. Cyberpunks, those most prevalently connected with the Web, are individuals from a defiant society that are dirtying these systems with data containing sex entertainment, prejudice, and different types of unequivocal data. At the point when they begin pulling around for a wrongdoing, new cybercops are entering a truly hostile condition. The internet, particularly the Internet, is brimming with the individuals who grasp a wilderness culture that is unfriendly to power and frightful that any interruptions of police or government will decimate their automatic world.5 The automatic condition wanted by the cyberpunks is a chance to do anything they desire. The Communications Respectability Act is an endeavor on some portion of the administration to control their free demeanor showed in landing pages, for example, Sex, Adult Pictures, X-Rated Porn, Hot Sleazy Pictures (Cum again + once more) and sex, sex, sex. hell, it's better shockingly better than genuine sex6. What we are doing is basically making similar laws, held established time and time again by the courts with respect to profanity and obscenity through the mail and phones, pertinent to the Internet.7 To keep these sorts of pictures off home PCs, the legislature must control data on the Web, similarly as it controls vulgarity through the mail or on the telephone. Authoritative guidelines must be made to control data on the Internet on the grounds that the showing or circulation of disgusting material is unlawful. The courts have commonly held that profanity is illicit under all conditions for all ages, while profanity is commonly reasonable to grown-ups, yet that laws shielding youngsters from this lesser structure are satisfactory. It's called ensuring those among us who are kids from the vagrancies of adults.8 The constitution of the United States has set guidelines to figure out what is arranged as indecency and what isn't. In Miller versus California, 413 U.S. at 24-25, the court declared its Mill operator Test and held, at 29, that its three section test comprised concrete rules to disengage 'bad-to-the-bone' erotic entertainment from articulation ensured by the First Amendment.9 By laws recently set by the legislature, revolting sex entertainment ought not be available on the Internet. The legislature must police the Internet since individuals are violating laws. At the present time, the internet resembles a neighborhood without a police department.10 Currently anybody can put anything he needs on the Internet with no punishments. The Communications Decency Act gives law authorization new instruments to indict the individuals who might utilize a PC to

What to Do If Your College Friend Is Bullied

What to Do If Your College Friend Is Bullied In this article we’re going to investigate some â€Å"safe plays† you can rely upon should a tormenting issue concoct somebody you’re near. Nowadays it’s no joke. Our point here is to ensure you’re educated and you can cover your cracking ass too. What's more, all things considered let’s get right to it. 1 Examine Whether It’s an Isolated Incident or an Issue Truly, saying the word â€Å"bully† nowadays nearby resembles saying â€Å"bomb† on a plane. Individuals don’t simply go tossing it around or forming a hasty opinion. In the event that your companion hasn’t been messed up genuinely, at that point set aside the effort to assess the issue intently. Was is adventitious or situational in nature? Is it prone to happen once more, or has it been continuing for some time? Is your companion overreacting†¦honestly? Moreover, the exact opposite thing you need to do is to cause a lot of dramatization or possibly mark somebody a domineering jerk just to discover that it was all only an unfortunate mix-up. What's more, furthermore, individuals today should be somewhat more versatile. Some of the time these circumstances are focuses in the street that characterize our characters. Encounters, on the off chance that they don’t get savage, are a piece of life. On the off chance that it’s an issue, face your companion about it. On the off chance that a genuine physical, passionate, mental or boisterous attack is occurring, at that point you have to go up against not the domineering jerk, however your companion about it. What’s up? To what extent has this been going on? How genuine right? Why haven’t they went to bat for themselves yet, or in the event that they have, why haven’t they looked for help so far? Let’s be straightforward, commonly it’s the more vulnerable that get singled out. More fragile in a wide range of faculties of the word, not simply genuinely. This kind of treatment wears out on us and incurs significant damage, particularly when we’re more youthful. 2 Figure Out If It’s Possible to Confront the Bully Without Making Things Worse No, you shouldn’t â€Å"confront† anybody on an internet based life channel. That’s simply out and out infantile. Showdowns ought to in a perfect world occur in controlled and sheltered or open situations where a physical experience (also called huge difficulty) can be stayed away from. Is it conceivable to just go up against this individual and in the self evident reality ask, â€Å"Why are you harassing me/my friend?† Put them on the spot. Don’t be hesitant to face them publically on the off chance that they are in reality a harasser and nobody has had the guts to do it yet. Intermittently this can be the reminder that â€Å"bullies† which are individual as well, need. Be that as it may, if it’s prone to raise a ruckus or just doesn’t appear as though the brilliant play at that point maintain a strategic distance from the individual or gathering and jump to the following technique. There’s no motivation to put your or your companions security in danger. In the event that the objective is vengeance, or is outrage based at that point step back and take a full breath. Nowadays is this truly something you need to hazard? Schools are haunting scared of awful press, and harassing is a principal issue that no universities need to be joined to. 3 Take Advantage of Any College Mediation Counselors or Services Odds are your school has intervention advocates and administrations that can essentially deal with the circumstance for you. They’ll orchestrate the encounter in a profoundly controlled condition. multiple times out of 10 intervention administrations get things worked out without more difficulty. Furthermore, there’s definitely no disgrace in going to them. Once more, â€Å"bullying† resembles kryptonite. Everybody needs to keep away from it. These individuals are prepared to take care of issues. In the event that you’re a first year recruits or sophomore living in residences there’s presumably an intercession instructor for your quarters. Notwithstanding, the culprit will know a short time later that they’re on watch and their school profession is currently â€Å"on the radar† so ensure that reaching intervention administrations is justified. 4 Don’t Even Think About Retaliating such That Will Create a Much Bigger Problem To be gruff, the cops could so effectively get included and in the event that they do, at that point you’re in a difficult situation if you’re a piece of the dirty tricks. What's more, here’s the glaring issue at hand: acts of mass violence. The tragic actuality is that they’re too basic nowadays they’re in many cases associated with some type of tormenting. No one’s saying you’ll do anything like that, however on the off chance that you or your companion begin talking extreme or expressing hindered things about fighting back somebody is probably going to trust you, call the cops and you could have an all out specialized squad attack your apartment. This is not kidding! Don’t fight back. Be a grown-up and do things the correct way. What's more, if your companion is out trying too hard to find something that could risk your life and your objectives, at that point perhaps you ought to reconsider your kinship? What do you think?

How the Fight or Flight Response Works

How the Fight or Flight Response Works Theories Biological Psychology Print How the Fight or Flight Response Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 18, 2019 Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018. More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to a physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically. The response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.?? The term fight-or-flight represents the choices that our ancient ancestors had when faced with danger in their environment. They could either fight or flee. In either case, the physiological and psychological response to stress prepares the body to react to the danger. The fight-or-flight response was first described in the 1920s by American physiologist Walter Cannon. Cannon realized that a chain of rapidly occurring reactions inside the body helped to mobilize the bodys resources to deal with threatening circumstances. Today the fight-or-flight response is recognized as part of the first stage of Hans Selyes general adaptation syndrome, a theory describing the stress response.?? What Happens During the Fight-or-Flight Response In response to acute stress, the bodys sympathetic nervous system is activated due to the sudden release of hormones. The sympathetic nervous systems stimulate  the  adrenal glands  triggering the release of catecholamines, which include adrenaline and noradrenaline. This results in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.?? After the threat is gone, it takes between 20 to 60 minutes for the body to return to its pre-arousal levels. You can probably think of a time when you experienced the fight-or-flight response. In the face of something frightening, your heartbeat quickened, you begin breathing faster, and your entire body becomes tense and ready to take action. The fight-or-flight response can happen in the face of an imminent physical danger (such as encountering a growling dog during your morning jog) or as a result of a more psychological threat (such as preparing to give a big presentation at school or work). Some of the physical signs that may indicate that the fight-or-flight response has kicked in include: Rapid Heart Beat and Breathing: The body increases heartbeat and respiration rate in order to provide the energy and oxygen to the body that will be needed to fuel a rapid response to the danger.??Pale or Flushed Skin: As the stress response starts to take hold, blood flow to the surface areas of the body is reduced and flow to the muscles, brain, legs, and arms are increased. You might become pale as a result, or your face may alternate between pale and flushed as blood rushes to your head and brain.?? The bodys blood clotting ability also increases in order to prevent excess blood loss in the event of injury.Dilated Pupils: The body also prepares itself to be more aware and observant of the surroundings during times of danger. Another common symptom of the fight-or-flight response is the dilation of the pupils, which allows more light into the eyes and results in a better vision of the surroundings.??Trembling: In the face of stress or danger, your muscles become tense and primed f or action. This tension can result in trembling or shaking.?? Why Its Important The fight-or-flight response plays a critical role in how we deal with stress and danger in our environment. Essentially, the response prepares the body to either fight or flee the threat. It is also important to note that the response can be triggered due to both real and imaginary threats. By priming your body for action, you are better prepared to perform under pressure. The stress created by the situation can actually be helpful, making it more likely that you will cope effectively with the threat. This type of stress can help you perform better in situations where you are under pressure to do well, such as at work or school. In cases where the threat is life-threatening, the fight-or-flight response can actually play a critical role in your survival. By gearing you up to fight or flee, the fight-or-flight response makes it more likely that you will survive the danger. While the fight-or-flight response happens automatically, that does not mean that it is always accurate. Sometimes we respond in this way even when there is no real threat.  Phobias  are good examples of how the fight-or-flight response might be triggered in the face of a perceived threat. A person who is terrified of heights might begin to experience the acute stress response when he has to go the top floor of a skyscraper to attend a meeting. His body might go on high alert as his heartbeat and respiration rate increase. When this response becomes severe, it may even lead to a panic attack.?? Understanding the bodys natural fight-or-flight response is one way to help cope with such situations. When you notice that you are becoming tense, you can start looking for ways to calm down and relax your body. The stress response is one of the major topics studied in the rapidly-growing field of  health psychology. Health psychologists are interested in helping people find ways to combat stress and live healthier, more productive lives. By learning more about the fight-or-flight response, psychologists can help people explore new ways to deal with their natural reaction to stress.

How the Fight or Flight Response Works

How the Fight or Flight Response Works Theories Biological Psychology Print How the Fight or Flight Response Works By Kendra Cherry facebook twitter Kendra Cherry, MS, is an author, educational consultant, and speaker focused on helping students learn about psychology. Learn about our editorial policy Kendra Cherry Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 14, 2019 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 18, 2019 Illustration by Joshua Seong. © Verywell, 2018. More in Theories Biological Psychology Behavioral Psychology Cognitive Psychology Developmental Psychology Personality Psychology Social Psychology Psychosocial Psychology The fight-or-flight response, also known as the acute stress response, refers to a physiological reaction that occurs in the presence of something that is terrifying, either mentally or physically. The response is triggered by the release of hormones that prepare your body to either stay and deal with a threat or to run away to safety.?? The term fight-or-flight represents the choices that our ancient ancestors had when faced with danger in their environment. They could either fight or flee. In either case, the physiological and psychological response to stress prepares the body to react to the danger. The fight-or-flight response was first described in the 1920s by American physiologist Walter Cannon. Cannon realized that a chain of rapidly occurring reactions inside the body helped to mobilize the bodys resources to deal with threatening circumstances. Today the fight-or-flight response is recognized as part of the first stage of Hans Selyes general adaptation syndrome, a theory describing the stress response.?? What Happens During the Fight-or-Flight Response In response to acute stress, the bodys sympathetic nervous system is activated due to the sudden release of hormones. The sympathetic nervous systems stimulate  the  adrenal glands  triggering the release of catecholamines, which include adrenaline and noradrenaline. This results in an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, and breathing rate.?? After the threat is gone, it takes between 20 to 60 minutes for the body to return to its pre-arousal levels. You can probably think of a time when you experienced the fight-or-flight response. In the face of something frightening, your heartbeat quickened, you begin breathing faster, and your entire body becomes tense and ready to take action. The fight-or-flight response can happen in the face of an imminent physical danger (such as encountering a growling dog during your morning jog) or as a result of a more psychological threat (such as preparing to give a big presentation at school or work). Some of the physical signs that may indicate that the fight-or-flight response has kicked in include: Rapid Heart Beat and Breathing: The body increases heartbeat and respiration rate in order to provide the energy and oxygen to the body that will be needed to fuel a rapid response to the danger.??Pale or Flushed Skin: As the stress response starts to take hold, blood flow to the surface areas of the body is reduced and flow to the muscles, brain, legs, and arms are increased. You might become pale as a result, or your face may alternate between pale and flushed as blood rushes to your head and brain.?? The bodys blood clotting ability also increases in order to prevent excess blood loss in the event of injury.Dilated Pupils: The body also prepares itself to be more aware and observant of the surroundings during times of danger. Another common symptom of the fight-or-flight response is the dilation of the pupils, which allows more light into the eyes and results in a better vision of the surroundings.??Trembling: In the face of stress or danger, your muscles become tense and primed f or action. This tension can result in trembling or shaking.?? Why Its Important The fight-or-flight response plays a critical role in how we deal with stress and danger in our environment. Essentially, the response prepares the body to either fight or flee the threat. It is also important to note that the response can be triggered due to both real and imaginary threats. By priming your body for action, you are better prepared to perform under pressure. The stress created by the situation can actually be helpful, making it more likely that you will cope effectively with the threat. This type of stress can help you perform better in situations where you are under pressure to do well, such as at work or school. In cases where the threat is life-threatening, the fight-or-flight response can actually play a critical role in your survival. By gearing you up to fight or flee, the fight-or-flight response makes it more likely that you will survive the danger. While the fight-or-flight response happens automatically, that does not mean that it is always accurate. Sometimes we respond in this way even when there is no real threat.  Phobias  are good examples of how the fight-or-flight response might be triggered in the face of a perceived threat. A person who is terrified of heights might begin to experience the acute stress response when he has to go the top floor of a skyscraper to attend a meeting. His body might go on high alert as his heartbeat and respiration rate increase. When this response becomes severe, it may even lead to a panic attack.?? Understanding the bodys natural fight-or-flight response is one way to help cope with such situations. When you notice that you are becoming tense, you can start looking for ways to calm down and relax your body. The stress response is one of the major topics studied in the rapidly-growing field of  health psychology. Health psychologists are interested in helping people find ways to combat stress and live healthier, more productive lives. By learning more about the fight-or-flight response, psychologists can help people explore new ways to deal with their natural reaction to stress.

The Differences Between Immigrants And A Refuge - 866 Words

The three ladies that came to talk about their experiences in the immigration debate in the United States, were named Jacqueline Jameson, Anna Hall, and Jennifer Whitlock. I think that one of the most important biggest misconceptions is the differences between immigrants and a refuge. It is also very important that we use the correct language when talking about alien residents of the United States, instead of using the word illegal when describing these people we should be using unauthorized and undocumented. The first thing that brought Jacqueline to think about immigration law was the subject of human trafficking, not just across the world but also in our own backdoor. She also was interested in involving Christ in the law that she practices on a daily basis. When you think about cross-cultural ministry you normally think about from your home land to somewhere far away but to be honest all ministry is cross cultural. You are taking the culture of heaven and spreading it through oth er cultures. We need continue to peel back all of the layers of the labels that we give immigrants and really get to know their situations. We need to think about how we approach people whether it be in everyday life or in the law. First we need to distinguish the difference between immigrant and refugee. Many people use both of these terms interchangeable and to be honest they are not the same, although some people are both. An immigrant is someone who chose to leave their country. A refugeeShow MoreRelatedImmigration Of The United States1565 Words   |  7 PagesUnited States with immigrants subjected to being accused of crimes because of their inability to speak proper English and lay victim to stereotypical views. Americans have the misconception that all immigrants pose a threat to the United States and that immigrants entering the United States have the intent to perform terrorist attacks. This way of thinking continually perpetuates the stereotype that immigrants are dangerous. Although terrorists may be immigrants, not all immigrants could be terroristsRead MoreThe American Dream1246 Words   |  5 Pagesbecome an iconic part of American culture, and has led many immigrants to seek refuge under Lady L iberty. Therefore, living the American Dream can be obtained by anyone, regardless of race, gender, social status, or economic wealth, right? Unfortunately, this is not the case in the twenty first century, as society has made the American Dream exclude the majority of citizens, and immigrants. History tells us that America is a country of immigrants, and the American Dream is the reason. According to TheRead MoreWe All Hear And Chat About The War And Violence That Happens1128 Words   |  5 Pagesalone wondering if they are alive or if you will ever see them again. This is how most refuges life start; a refuge is a person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster. In the last couple years the world faced one of the biggest refuges crisis in history, which affected many countries economically, culturally and politically started many conflicts between host countries. As we educate ourselves about diverse cultures; we learn that socialRead MoreRacism And The Pursuit Of Happiness Essay1547 Words   |  7 Pages it creates a diverse and strong population. America is said to be the land of the free and many throughout history have looked to America as a place of refuge. The draw for many outsiders is the ability to have religious freedom and the right to the pursuit of happiness. Racism by definition, â€Å"Is the belief or doctrine that inherent differences among the various human racial groups determine cultural or individual achievement, usually involving the idea that one s own race is superior and has theRead MoreThe Issue Of Immigration And Refugees Essay1326 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals displaced around the world and 41 million immigra nts currently living in the United States, there is an international movement of individuals rather by choice or not. In the United States, the topic of immigration and refugees has been at the forefront of the upcoming presidential election; however, although and this topic is at the lead of most news, Americans are undereducated and misinformed about many of the key terms and concepts about immigrants and refugees. Due to the various misconceptionsRead MoreRise Of The American Sanctuary Movement. 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With President Trump against immigration, Adrian fears how new immigration policies might affect his family and other immigrants in Texas. In The Joy Luck Club, there is no issue with immig ration policies. Rather than worryingRead MoreSocial Determinants Of Health Disparities1354 Words   |  6 Pagesthrough the lenses of class and race to make tangible the seemingly abstract connections between social and economic determinants and distribution of health inequity. Racism finds refuge in various forms of material exploitation; narrow interventions that fail to address the root causes that undermine the health and well-being of members of the community will ultimately fail.1 The treatment of Mexican immigrants with tuberculosis (TB) by health officials in Los Angeles from 1914 to 1940 is a tellingRead More Immigration Issues Essay999 Words   |  4 Pageslong served as a refuge for people who seek to escape hunger, poverty, torture, and the oppression of the human spirit in their own countries. However, the issue of immigration in the United States has become a political flashpoint since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001. The sacralization of the tragedy h as served to paint all immigrants with the same fear-ladened brush, and has marginalized and stereotyped an already vulnerable population. Today, more than ever, immigrants in the UnitedRead MoreThe American Dream Analysis827 Words   |  4 PagesThe American Dream is another controversial element of American life whose validity was well-debated by writers of the era. This was an ideal that many immigrants from the Old World strived to achieve, hoping that their penniless fortunes would quickly change for the better. One author, William Bryant Cullen, emphasized how America is a refuge for â€Å"Earth’s trodden down and opprest† peoples, including the â€Å"hunted head† and the â€Å"starved laborer.† This phrase from the patriotic poem indicates that the

Racial Segregation And The Criminal Justice System

Last updated: 3 hours ago History View files Plagiarism check .DOC .PDF CRIMINAL JUSTICE2 RACIAL DISPARITY IN THE CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM Name Institution Date ABSTRACT Research shows that African Americans and Latinos have been the victims of racial profiling by the criminal justice system. African Americans and Latinos are at a higher risk of being arrested, prosecuted and sentenced that Whites. The main cause of racial disparities occurs because law enforcement agencies believe that African Americans and Latinos are at high risk of engaging in crime and violence. During prosecutions and court hearings, the jury and judges give harsher sentences to minority groups. As a result, minorities view the criminal justice system as unjust since it favors whites. This research paper reviews relevant literature to show white privileges and racial disparities in the criminal justice system. Additionally, the paper provides linkages between racial disparities in the United States criminal justice system and the law. In this regard, the main objective of the research paper is to give detailed insights on racial discriminations in the criminal justice system. The main objectives of the United States criminal justice system are to provide justice toShow MoreRelatedInfluential Factors on a Juveniles Life1510 Words   |  6 Pagesthe lowest income quintile, compared to 16 percent for those who earned a college degree (Freidman, 2012). Recent data from the Civil Rights Project show that school segregation is very high for Latino and Black students and that this segregation is almost always what Gary Orfield called â€Å"double segregation,† that is, segregation by both race/ethnicity and poverty. 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Racial inequalities have manifested in American society in ways that underlies a wide range of societal domains such as housing patterns, educational opportunities, healthcare inequality, and incarceration rates. Current events and experiences demonstrate moreover that racial inequality is still adamant in the American culture. Long after slavery, the Jim Crow Era, and the civil rights movement, racial inequality has taken distinctive forms which affectRead MoreMass Incarceration In Michelle Alexanders The New Jim Crow Laws1083 Words   |  5 PagesJim Crow laws were state and local laws that reinforced racial segregation in the South between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and the beginning of the civil rights movement in the 1950’s (Urofsky). The laws mandated segregation of schools, drinking fountains, restrooms, buses, and restaurants. In legal t heory, blacks received â€Å"separate but equal† treatment under the law--in actuality, public facilities were nearly always inferior to those for whites, when they existed at all. In addition, blacksRead MoreRacial Profiling And The United States1348 Words   |  6 PagesIn today’s world we deal with multiple cases of racial profiling seemingly on a daily basis. Turn on the television, check the internet, or simply have a discussion with someone and you’ll hear about it. Racial Profiling describes discriminatory practices by law enforcement officials who target people for suspicion of crime based on their ethnicity, race, origin, or religion. The term first came about during the War on Drugs in the 1970’s and 1980’s when law enforcement were accused of pullingRead MoreFairness And Equality Within The Criminal Justice System1361 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The question of fairness and equality in the criminal justice system has its original roots dating back to the Magna Carta in 1215 AD. The latest document to define the criminal justice is the United States Constitution which specifically in the 14th amendment which states †no state can make or enforce laws on its citizens, nor shall they deprive a person of life, liberty, or property without due process of law, nor will they deny equal protection of the laws†. Section one of theRead MoreThe Mass Incarceration Of The United States1198 Words   |  5 PagesZinn describes social-economic structures that justified slavery, also prevented a class movement between poor whites and slaves that would threaten the power of the elite. The birth of white privilege and segregation of African Americans aided in creating Jim Crow policies and in the criminal justice and political spheres. American society is still systematized around preserving and safeguarding white privilege. The uneven path America took toward emancipation, freedom and partial radical equality resultedRead MoreIs The Mass Incarceration Of Blacks The New Jim Crow?1540 Words   |  7 Pagesdisenfranchisement of African Americans. The same bad treatment that many think only took place in the past is in fact still intact, it’s just presented in a new way. The mass incarceration of blacks in the Unites States can be attributed to the â€Å"racial hierarchy† that has always existed. The U.S contributes to about 5% of the worlds overall population, and about 25% of the worlds prison population (Holland 1), â€Å"if those rates reflected jail, probation and parole populations, the numbers would riseRead MoreAnalysis Of Leslie Mcfadden s The Nightmare Of Racial Hatred Essay1220 Words   |  5 PagesMrs. McFadden has traveled nationally to speak on behalf of her son and seek justice. This past October, Mrs. McFadden shared her testimony at the black studies conference in UT Austin , where she was described as a â€Å"wife, fighter, and believer in hope.† At the conference Mrs. McFadden discussed different themes such as the institutionalized racial segregation and violence she and many face in Ferguson. The nightmare of racial hatred is not a thing of the past but a present reality. Her strong will toRead MoreFreedom And African American History Essay1680 Words   |  7 Pagesthe most serious one. Racial segregation is a deep-rooted social problem, which reflects in every field in the United States. For example, education, labor market and criminal justice system. In the aspect of education, most of black children were not permitted to enter the school, because the white children studied there. In the aspect of labor market, the black people s average wages were lower than the whites. They did the manual work. In the aspect of criminal justice system, the blacks were easily

Organizational Entrepreneurship Free Essays

string(90) " babies try to grab almost everything – they are fearless and fascinated by everything\." Introduction There was a time when only a few companies use to sell either similar or same products or services in any particular market. The demands of potential customers were rarely sophisticated and the product life cycles were relatively long. This was true for most of the 20th century, throughout which, businesses usually operated as independent bodies. We will write a custom essay sample on Organizational Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Each had their own products and markets, and there were a few constraints and relatively low level of competition. In such market conditions, organizations were required to have a business plan supported with a feasibility to start and run a successful business at best. A corporate strategy was necessitated only in the late 1970s onwards to stay ahead within a market (Orcullo, 2007). However, it is not true anymore. The ever growing population has primed up the insistence for a wide range of products and services. The heightened demand has paved way for more and more businesses to enter markets, subsequently heightening the level of competition and increasing the concerns of businesses in outperforming others. Growing competition has fastened the market evolution, reducing the life cycles of products and services and made the prevailing business environment much more complex. All this has rendered entrepreneurial activities within organizations much more important. Without entrepreneurship, organizations in the modern business environment may often run into the shadows of nothingness. This essay discusses the organizational and managerial factors which influence the degree of innovation and entrepreneurial activity occurring within an organization. Firstly, this essay will discuss several theories regarding organizational life cycle and size that are relevant to their entrepreneurial tendencies. Moreover, it will discuss leadership and management styles that foster organizational innovation and creativity within organizations. Lastly, this essay will link these theories with practice through an extended example. Defining Entrepreneurship This part of the essay looks into some important definitions. Creativity – â€Å"the ability to develop new ideas and to discover new ways of looking at problems and opportunities.† Innovation – â€Å"the ability to apply creative solutions to problems or opportunities to enhance or to enrich people’s lives.† Entrepreneurship – â€Å"the result of a disciplined, systematic process of applying creativity and innovation to the needs and opportunities in the marketplace.† (Zimmerer and Scarborough, 2002) According to Hisrich (2001) â€Å"Entrepreneurship is the process of creating something new with value by devoting the necessary time and effort, assuming the accompanying financial, psychic and social risks, and receiving the resulting rewards of monetary, personal satisfaction and independence.† Nafziger (1997 and 2006) mentions that entrepreneurial activity involves coordinating production factors such as land, labor, and capital; making decisions under uncertainties; innovating; solving problems through creativity and fulfilling a market gap with an input. Leadership and Management Kanter (1988) contends that every successful change, innovation and developmental project is typically steered by a visionary leader who has done well in selling his ideas and vision to his subordinates. Similarly, leadership is also crucial in fostering an organizational culture that accumulates innovative ideas from down up i.e. from his/her subordinates. Leadership is the most important factor that fosters entrepreneurial culture within an organization. The literature regarding leadership has a general consensus upon several leadership styles namely: autocratic, democratic and laissez-faire leadership. Autocrat leader characterized as directing leaders who gather others towards their goal and vision. They are commanding in their directions and hardly accept any input from their inferiors. They tend to make decisions and try to solve problems relying upon their own expertise. The information typically flows in a top down way in one direction; from executives or top managers to subo rdinates. The management literature often perceives them as ‘narrow-minded and heavy-handed in their unwillingness to share power, information and decision making in the organization.’ (Lawrence and McDaniel, 2008 p. 162) On the contrary, democratic or participative leaders share their decision making powers with those working with them and group members. They openly discuss problems and present option to others. They are consensual and consultative in their conduct. They seek consensus of all the stakeholders (or the majority) before making a final decision (Lawrence and McDaniel, 2008). They seek views and inputs of others while retaining their final say. Information flow always two directional i.e. from superiors to subordinates and vice versa (Hamilton, 2010). Lastly, the laissez-faire leadership style empowers subordinates to set their own goals and make decisions accordingly. Laissez Faire is originally a French phrase that means ‘leave it be.’ (Arnold, 2008) This leadership style does not deliberate a specific direction and turns most of the authority to every individual/group. Leader rarely gets involved in business matters and delegates employees with all the authority. Employees are under obligation to achieve organizational goals without violating company policies. Organizational Structures Organizational structures often go with a hands and glove relationship with leadership and management styles. Organizations that are lead by autocrat and directive leadership often have a centralized, hierarchical structure. On the other hand, democratic leaders prefer a flat and decentralized organizational structure. It should be noted that various others factors may come into play in determining an organization’s structure. Generally, decentralized structures are favorable for analyzing new products, services, and processes, and are more likely to implement entrepreneurial endeavors as compared to centralized firms as â€Å"concentrated power often prevents imaginative solutions of problems.† (Thompson, 1969) Organizational Life Cycle and Entrepreneurship According to Greiner’s (1972), organizations have a history in terms of evolving and revolutionizing, a factor that impacts upon its entrepreneurial tendencies. Lessem (1989) contends that the development of organizational strategies is affected by stages that are akin to the developmental stages of human beings; what and where we are determines what we do and what we get out of our lives. Lessem (1989) presents a four stage life cycles model for organizations. These stages are: primal, rational, developmental and metaphysical. The primal stage of development is typified by a youthful company which is grasping, learning, instinctive and entrepreneurial. It wants to explore and try everything that it gets its hands upon. The primal stage is similar to the early childhood stage in which babies try to grab almost everything – they are fearless and fascinated by everything. You read "Organizational Entrepreneurship" in category "Essay examples" This reflects upon the contention that young companies are ‘success hungry’ and have a willingness to try anything in its pursuit. They are not scared of change. At the rational phase, organizations moved to the stage of reason with emphasis upon structure and order. Organization puts down procedures replacing gut instincts with intelligence. The management becomes intelligent by suppressing opportunism which eradicates mistakes by employing some tested methodological approaches. The next stage is the developmental stage where organizations renew them selves in face of a mid life crises situation when they seek to answer ‘what else is there?’ Organizations reflect upon their past, in their quest to find new directions. At the final metaphysical phase, transformation is likely to take place. Organizations become wise and try to define themselves through terms other than profit. Often moral and ethical issues run concurrently with material goals. The entrepreneurial tendencies of an organization depend on where an organization is in its life cycle. An organization cannot pursue a strategy for a stage it hasn’t reached. â€Å"The age, size, resources, desire or fear inherent in an organization may cause it to or not allow it to act independently but rather behave in accordance with external or internal forces such that strategic management is ultimately deterministic.† It can be inferred from this theory that organization at the rational stage tend to be most entrepreneurial in their approach as they retain the exuberance of youth while have the rationality to eradicate mistakes through methodological approach. Lessom (1989) recognizes that organization can concurrently undergo several different stages. For instance, the marketing department or RD of an organization can be deliberately kept at a primal stage to foster innovation and creativity. This sort of strategy can be pursued by large and old organization to infuse or retain entrepreneurial culture. Firm Size and Entrepreneurship It has been argued that organizational size also impact upon its entrepreneurial tendencies. The management literature is split between those who argue that large firms have advantage over small firms in pursuing entrepreneurship and those who contend otherwise. Large firms are said to be more entrepreneurial because they have monopolistic powers which enable them to better realize the rewards of innovation. They are also in a better position to finance research and development internally. Internal financing is helpful in two ways. Firstly because in order to obtain external finance, firms are often required to disclose some information regarding their entrepreneurial projects, and secondly because internal financing provides better flexibility in achieving success in case of an exhaustive developmental process. Large firms can achieve scales of economies in research and development. They can better exploit the results of their research and spread the fix cost of innovation. Scale of economies can be achieved in the research and developmental process itself from a technological perspective as well as the productivity of the researchers Kaimien and Schwartz (1982) suggest that large research groups increase the chances of serendipitous discov eries. Interaction of colleagues having special familiarity with a problem at hands can be helpful in generating insightful solutions. Considering the advantages of large firms for their entrepreneurial tendencies, Nooteboom and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994) argue that the strengths of large firms are predominantly material namely; economies of scale and scope, easy access to cheap financial resources, ability to spread risks, better capacity to specialize in both human resource and well and technologies. On the other hand, there are those who argue that large and monopolistic firms are less likely to innovate as they are less likely to be threatened by rivals (Scherer, 1980) or because the pursuit of new products may come at the cost of existing ones. Mansfield et al. suggests that large firms can often get entangled in longer chain of commands, managerial coordination inefficiency, and less flexibility. Firms may become too bureaucratic as they grow in size. Researches and other personnel within large firms may be less motivated to innovate due to lesser personal gains in comparison to smaller firms. Moreover, premature ideas can often get discarded and lost in the shuffle in large firms. Nooteboom and Rothwell and Dodgson (1994) content that the relative advantages of small firms in entrepreneurial pursuits are behavioral. For instance â€Å"greater innovation in management and labor, due to interwined ownership and management, and more variation and innovation in tasks of workers , tacit knowledge in unique skills, more efficient communications, and flexibility.† (Nooteboom, 1994) Case Study: Google A salient example of an organization that operates in a very complex environment and successfully fosters an innovative organizational culture in pursuit of entrepreneurship is Google. Technological innovation and creative solutions is the corner stone of the organization’s corporate culture. Through its diligent innovations, the company has become a market leader in a relatively short time as compared to other organizations. The leadership and management style Google is very critical in infusion entrepreneurship. The company’s highly participative and somewhat free reign approach Employees input is valued and considered in every step of decision making and information sharing is viewed to be crucial in bringing about the best from employees. Eric Schmidt, the current Executive Chairman and former CEO of Google, mentions that â€Å"in traditional companies, the big offices, the corner offices, the regal bathrooms, and everybody dressed up in suits cause people to be afraid to speak out. But the best ideas typically don’t come from executives.† (Manyika 2008) The organizational structure at Google is purely flat and non-hierarchical. According to Schmidt, Google is a â€Å"very flat, very non-hierarchical, very much informal in culture and ideas – ideas come from everywhere. †¦ Part of the job of being a CEO in a company like Google is to have an environment where people are constantly throwing you their best ideas as opposed to being afraid to talk to you.† (Carlson, 2009) Moreover, Google follows the â€Å"70/20/10?, meaning that its employees spent 70% of their working hours on core activities; 20% those activities that are linked with the core ones and 10% on projects that are of their own personal interests in line with the organizational goals. Schmidt himself used to follow this strategy spending his time in three separate rooms for each type of activities (Battelle, 2005). Furthermore, Schmidt contends that â€Å"new ideas emerge with freedom from thinking about obligations† (Manyika 2008). Adhering to this line of thinking, the company allows its core engineers to spend 1 working day each week in pursuit of new idea, without having them follow up on their regular duties (Battelle, 2005). Such approach allows Google to sustain a primal and rational developmental stage as part of its life cycle, while proceeding to the developmental and metaphysical stage concurrently. Moreover, the company successfully retains the behavioral advantages o f small firms for entrepreneurship through such deliberation while enjoying the material advantages of large firms as well. Personal Development Plan and Reflection As part of my personal development plan, I intend to focus on developing my leadership skills, keeping in mind its importance in fostering an overall culture and mindset that leads to entrepreneurship. According to Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973) leadership styles range between relatively directive to participative The following figure the range of leadership styles as described by Tannenbaum and Schmidt (1973). More participative TellsSellsConsults NegotiatesDelegates A different leadership theory by Edgar Schein (1987) contends that leaders can have three different approaches when they are manage change, solve problems, or manage projects. They are namely: the expert mode, the doctor-patient mode and the process consultation mode. The expert mode: In this approach, the leader initially identifies a situation; which can come as either mitigating a threat, capitalizing upon an opportunity or pursuing an entrepreneurial project, and provides direction based upon his own expertise. The doctor-patient mode: It involves the leader being a bit more consultative in term of assessing a situation by considering the inputs of others. However, the expertise of the leader is detrimental for further directions. The process consultation mode: Here, the leader is essentially participative, in which the ownership of every situation and the subsequent response of a business is collectively determined by the entire workforce. It utilizes the knowledge and insights of others. Viewing both these theories, I conclude that I will generally focus upon being a participative leader, adhering to both the doctor-patient approach as well as the process consultant approach. I am of the view that as part of the participative and consultative approach, when working with individuals who hold similar expertise as mine, or relatively little more or less in any particular field, a process consultant approach with be highly suitable for getting valuable insights of all to bring about the best ideas on table, whereas a doctor-patient approach can be viable when my expertise a superior. However, reflecting upon this assignment and specially from the case of Google, I believe being open and sharing decision making is always the best overall approach. For this, I will focus upon improving my communication skills; learn about formal and informal communication. Moreover, I will also try to gain a deep understanding of team/group work theories. The Authors Entrepreneurial Attitude Considering the four entrepreneurial attitudes namely activist, reflector, theorist and pragmatist, which were identified during the course work, I find myself to be more of an activist. Reflecting upon this assignment, the activist approach is likely to create and sustain a primal developmental stage in any work environment. The weaknesses of this attitude coincides with pitfalls of the primal stage and therefore, it is wise to proceed towards a rational developmental stage which is a mix of both activist and reflector attitude. 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(1994) Innovation and Size of Firm, in The Handbook of Industrial Innovation, Editors M. Dodgson and R. Rothwell, Aldershot Hants: Edward Elgar, pp310-324. Schein, E. (1987) Process Consultation II, Addison-Wesley Scherer, F.M. (1980) Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance, 2nd. Edn., Chicago: Rand McNally. Tannenbaum, R and Schmidt WH (1973) How to choose a leadership pattern Harvard Business Review May-June Thompson V.A. (1969). Bureaucracy and Innovation. University of Alabama Press, Alabama. Zimmerer, T. W and Scarborough, N. M. (2002) Essentials of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management (3rd ed.) Prentice Hall How to cite Organizational Entrepreneurship, Essay examples